Capitalized rallies: Why campaigns costs are rising and rallies are hybridizing in Tanzania

Campaign costs have risen in Africa. I ask: what has driven this cost inflation? Studies of Western parties attribute it to campaign modernization as mediatization. African do not recognize advancement. They these another cause: spiraling clientelism. argue that there is a third, hitherto overlooked driver such inflation and adaptation: the hybridization rallies with capital-intensive practices. This capitalization rally production amounts an alternative form which diverges from those found global north. trace process Tanzania, but theory wider reach. Many campaigns are rally-intensive fewer authoritarian retardants party competition than Tanzania. makes likely other countries’ experiences resembled or surpassed Tanzania’s Africa beyond. Altogether, demonstrate ongoing innovation at driving significant rises costs.